Most debris will find it's way into the sump pan, smaller bits picked up on the re circulation gets trapped in the oil filter before going onto the bearings and shafts etc. Any bits would get spun off the gear and crank, (at redline con rod rpm forces are up to 1000g -the G force acceleration) each grain of sand now weighs 2.6 grams...)
Some of the 197's Triumph sports cars had poor quality control, decades later some enthusiasts have found casting sand in the sump form manufacture some decades later.
Dropping anything into the motor is bad, circlips or nuts potentially much worse. You seem to be doing the right thing here.
1 yes
2 yes
3 no - unneccessary
4 yes, new gasket, clean the pump strainer if required -and use new O ring on oil pump
5 new oil filter
One grain of sand in a bearing could scrap it in minutes, but one can drive a vehicle through the Sahara desert in a vehicle for several weeks on one oil service with no problems, The paradox of this desert scenario will clearly illustrate that even driving through 8.0x10^27 grains of sand : 8 octillion grains of sand is possible. ..but one bit of sand or grit that gets into the oil gallery past the oil filter can ruin a bearing. surface.